Concept Card: Errors in Measurement & Propagation of Errors 1. Classification of Experimental Errors: Error is the difference between the true value and the measured value of a physical quantity: Systematic Errors: Errors that tend to occur consistently in one direction (either consistently positive or consistently negative). Instrumental errors: Imperfect calibration or zero error of […]
Concept Card: Least Count of Measuring Instruments & Significant Figures 1. Least Count (LC) of Measuring Instruments: The least count is the smallest value that can be directly measured by an instrument. It defines the precision and instrumental resolution limit. A. Vernier Calipers: $\text{Least Count (LC)} = 1\text{ Main Scale Division (MSD)} – 1\text{ Vernier […]
Concept Card: Systems of Units & Physical Quantities 1. Physical Quantities & Invariance: A physical quantity $Q$ is completely expressed by a numerical value $n$ and a unit $u$: $Q = n \times u$ Since the physical magnitude remains constant regardless of the measurement scale: $n_1 u_1 = n_2 u_2 = \text{constant} \implies n \propto … Read more